By: Bruce F. Pennington (1) and Dorothy V.M. Bishop (2)

1. Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Colorado 80208; email: [email protected]
2. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OX1 3UD,United Kingdom; email:[email protected]

In this article, we critically review the evidence for overlap among three developmental disorders, namely speech sound disorder (SSD), language impairment (LI), and reading disability (RD), at three levels of analysis: diagnostic, cognitive, and etiological.We find that while overlap exists at all three levels, it varies by comorbidity subtype, and the relations among these three disorders are complex and not fully understood. We evaluate which comorbidity models can be rejected or supported as explanations for why and how these three disorders overlap and what new data are needed to better define their relations.
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